Suchergebnisse

In Poland during the Second Republic (1918-1939) there was performed no referendum and the both constitutions: of 1921 and of 1935 did not mention the institution of referendum. After the World War Two for the first time in the history of Poland the referendum was performed in 1946. This referendum initiated by the communist party (the Polish Workers' Party) and its allies was an excuse for delaying the first post-war parliamentary elections. The second all-national referendum was held in 1987 on a decline of the communist era. This referendum in fact anticipated (or even accelerated) the collapse of the regime of real socialism (or communist domination). So, we may say that the irony of history is that the communist regime - being imposed from abroad was instaled and consolidated in Poland also through means of the forged referendum of 1946 – after the forty years collaped also in long run consequences of the referendum of 1987, but this time fairly conducted popular voting.

The spate of free competitive parliamentary elections held during the systemic 1989-91 transformation in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, Poland, and Romania accomplished several different ends. The first such elections introduced a new democratic political order, legitimated a new constitutional order, and founded a democratic structure for multi-party system building, The second (or third) parliamentary elections held in 1992-96 stimulated the party-making process and consolidated a new party system as well as contributed to the formation of a parliamentary majority for government stability. Electoral systems differed from country to country and, as in Romania and Poland, from election to election. The first fully free parliamentary elections in Poland (1989) and Romania (1990) as well as the first, and only free election in the GDR were fair and proportional being in compliance with the requirements of "foundation" elections. Subsequent elections in Romania and Poland were held under more rigorous electoral rules to prevent further excessive fragmentation of party politics. In Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia more rigorous electoral rules, using proportional representation with a threshold of 4 or 5 percent, contributed from the beginning to the formation of a parliamentary majority, leading to government stability. Since 1993 there has been a trend toward reducing fragmentation of party politics in post-communist central and southeastern Europe.

Soziale und politische Einstellungen, Wahlverhalten.

Themen: Politische Haltung; Wahlkandidaten; parlamentarische Eliten;
Demokratie; ökonomische Bedingungen; Wahlkampagnen; Wahlen; Rolle der
Europäische Union; Regierungsarbeit; Arbeit; NATO; politische
Veränderungen; politisches Interesse; politische Partizipation;
politische Parteien; Einstellungen der Wähler; Wahlverhalten; CSES
Modul (Comparative Study of Electoral Systems).

Demographie: Alter ; Geschlecht; Bildung; Bildung und Beruf des
Vaters; Beruf; Beschäftigungsstatus; Beruf der Ehefrau; Einkommen;
Haushalt; Familienstand; Wohnort; Mitgliedschaft in politischen
Parteien; Religionszugehörigkeit; Region.

Soziale und politische Einstellungen, Wahlverhalten.

Themen: Politische Haltung; Wahlkandidaten; parlamentarische Eliten;
Demokratie; ökonomische Bedingungen; Wahlkampagnen; Wahlen; Rolle der
Europäische Union; Regierungsarbeit; Arbeit; NATO; politische
Veränderungen; politisches Interesse; politische Partizipation;
politische Parteien; Einstellungen der Wähler; Wahlverhalten; CSES
Modul (Comparative Study of Electoral Systems).

Demographie: Alter ; Geschlecht; Bildung; Bildung und Beruf des
Vaters; Beruf; Beschäftigungsstatus; Beruf der Ehefrau; Einkommen;
Haushalt; Familienstand; Wohnort; Mitgliedschaft in politischen
Parteien; Religionszugehörigkeit; Region.